Relationships between Land Surface Temperatures and Neighboring Environment in Highly Urbanized Areas: Seasonal and Scale Effects Analyses of Beijing, China

Urban environments have a strong influence on the land surface temperature (LST) in urban areas. Understanding relationship between LST and environmental factors can help develop effective strategies to reduce high LSTs areas, which is critical for mitigating heat island effect. Previous studies focused correlation that drive its formation, without considering influences of neighboring environment vertical expansion highly urbanized Notably, different seasons remains unclear. In this study, we selected central Beijing China as our study area employed moving window method characterize cell. We explored eight from three layers: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), built-up (NDBI), modified water (MNDWI), building density (BD), height (BH), volume (BV), sky view factor (SVF), road (RD). The Pearson extreme gradient boosting (XGB) regression methods were applied measure windows sizes. results indicated NDVI, MNDWI, was considerably winter other seasons. However, NDBI positively correlated with all seasons, although strongest/weakest summer/winter. Among building-related factors, BD BH more strongly LST, positive/negative BD/BH stronger varied increasing size, variation differs significantly spring, summer, autumn, strength showed an “inverted V” pattern size. optimal spatial scales explore 30-m cells 210 m 270 m. This revealed seasonal while explaining at scale. provide new perspective understanding driving mechanism thermal environment, contributing scientific optimization management.